Validity, the greatness of a paradigm not because of its ability
in reading the empirical conditions. But more is based on support
scientific community as his power base.
(Thomas Kuhn)
Prefix
Maybe we're not too familiar to hear the term orientalism. A term that is full of power, politics and ideology. Oriental in gramatik we interpret as 'east', the suffix ism refers to an idea behind it, or perhaps ideological. Clearly the term is popular when the period of colonization, especially in the Third World who was struck. Many studies that lead to the formation of a description of the situation, social, cultural, political, economic and even ideological about the states of the Third World.
Referring to the Third World, means pointing object on a perlakuaan patients. Ketaksewenangan treatment, treatment of the negation of their existence. And is part of the First World countries that do not properly treat it. They exploit, deplete, absorbing the intellectual property, knowledge, information, data from the Third World and then used as feedback for making policy.
Orientalism Study and indeed from the outset at last birth was not a review of assessment problems problems. He is more focused place where the condition exists, not the condition of what was happening. Orientalism is the study that is full of truth claims. Truth that the existence of the Third World under the First World consciousness. In a more sarcastic language, the Third World would not have existed if not aware of the First World.
Then, we asked about the existence of the Third World who are treated so sub-ordinatifnya and as if nothing mattered. That what is behind the orientalism until he arrogant and claim to be the center of the Third World consciousness. Serigkali hubris that we do not realize, because construction of power are often enveloped him and appeared to be a form of kebenenaran.
This prefix shows us about the close relationship of knowledge and power. The truth of knowledge is not so innocent, neutral. He is more of a construction of the power.
Knowledge - power
Kunh far today has reminded us that the validity, the greatness of a paradigm not because of his ability in reading the empirical conditions. But more is based on the support of the scientific community as his power base. That is, Kunh have seen that often a study of the title of 'valid' is mainly due to the many people who mengamininya. Pengaminan process is what is pembasisan power over the review.
In the contemporary encounter, Michel Foucault, born in Poitiers, France, in 1926 was a productive intellectual in conducting research with respect to knowledge. Although he himself never completely gave birth to a theory of knowledge, but historical analysis, the text is able to sue the reliability of the existing paradigm.
In line with Kunh, Foucault is able to explain in detail how the process of knowledge production and its relation with power. Of course, as a social intellectual telisik he do it within the framework of social practices, practices of power. So he remains consistent in terms of knowledge, ie without any justification for the exercise is in progress.
He asserted, (2002: 139) that in a science, as medical science until the late eighteenth century, which has a certain type of discourse which changes gradually over twenty-five or thirty years, will not be destroyed even by the propositions 'truth' which is currently the propositions are easily formulated, produced by talking about a whole set of practices that support the medical knowledge. This is not a new discovery because in it there was indeed a 'regime' which as a whole new in the discourse of knowledge and its forms.
Foucault noted that every science has a proposition the truth, but not the proposition that the real is able mengeksiskan science. He further agreed to appoint 'regime' that has been mengeksiskannya. The regime, of course, in this context refers to a network of power that formed in social practices. A complex network of power, and not easy to menerabasnya, what else destroy it.
Often the networking power to fortify a truth-knowledge. And knowledge is often present themselves in the hegemony of truth. The rope-kelindan power - knowledge becomes increasingly clear. He appeared in the resiprokatif logic. Each delivery, secure each other. Perhaps none are as strong and as perfect regime unless the regime the power-knowledge.
In practice, the knowledge also generate power relations. He became hegemonic and dominative. On behalf of truth claims, individuals can and are able to do politicization. On behalf of the truth claims he has unlimited power. Becomes difficult to sue, sue means against a regime of power.
It would seem more real and dramatic if the regime is a country. Countries that have a repressive apparatus, even ideological. If allowed to borrow the term Althusser (2004: 24), which has negaralah Repressive State Apparatus and Ideological State Apparatus. Let us look, how the economic centralism under the New Order regime difficult to shake because the 'truth' will be the paradigm of development is so closely guarded by the state apparatus. Disturb, question it is tantamount to treason, treason. This is one of the icons relation between knowledge and power and vice versa.
Or if not complete, we can designate the time of Galileo who should receive the death penalty from geraja for stating that the Earth is round planet-ellipse. The thesis is contrary to the truth which is believed by the church, that the Earth is square, or rectangular. The regime forced him to negate the power of belief in the truth. While he did not heed it, eventually the death penalty be tragika ironic truth.
Truth (read: knowledge) will eventually loaded ideological elements, politically a particular group. And perhaps the truth will also appear on the repression of other groups. One truth menuundukan another truth. And who is most correct? So, the answer is who has the power base to support the truth.
And when the conflict of truth, instead of these powers has been completed, holders of claims of truth will use it to overcome the other group. The process of negation 'other' and the affirmation 'I'. 'I' be a point of departure, and 'other' people merely as objects. Such logic is often known by egocentrism. An awareness of the contradictory reality of 'I'. Of course, a parallel study with the logic of egocentrism is Orientalism vis-à-vis oksidentalisme with changes in the basic spirit.
Orientalism probe
Hassan Hanafi (2003: 217) describes Orientalism is sejumlaj study conducted by researchers at Europe when Europe is at the top of his resurrection and is in the tidal wave kolonialismenya, when the Europeans wanted to gather as much information about the nations in Asia, Africa and America Latin, meaning in countries outside the European colonies. The purpose of Orientalism and missionary through various generations of Orientalists at the time was to clear the way, first, for the entry of military forces. Second, for the economy and the third is cultural. Therefore language support studies, history and culture become so dominant. Language study done so that they could approach the local masyarat directly. Review the history for the nation's history can be recognized, and cultural studies done for civilization and mental factors that shape it recognizable buffer. The goal is not science an sich or the desire to examine, or extend outside the central area of history to include the periphery.
Clearly what is described by Hanafi about orientalism. That was from the beginning the birth of orientalism very 'bloody'. He was born not because of an interesting phenomenon, then studied, to contribute to science. He was born indeed in order to support the ongoing power. The power of colonialism, of course.
Perhaps, more or less in this oriental studies scientific functions. Minimum at the level of accumulation of information, data, a number of methods and so on. But who becomes the next problem that the East imaging built by orientalists always have historical bias. Description memojokan there is always the East, and very few to be objective. This is certainly reasonable, as Orientalism was meant for the benefit of colonization, both physical (war) and non-physical (ideology).
Orientalism own spirit is the spirit of ethnocentrism. This means that the center of consciousness is the civilization of researchers, ethnic researchers. They are reluctant to use local knowledge which may be very phenomenological. They prefer the large framework of colonization. Up to that reflected from this study is biased and often unequal.
Finally, Orientalism is more accurately described as a study of waste and not eligible to serve as a science. Orientalism that ethnocentric it is often trapped within the confines of the Western ego. For those 'who have' just the West. East there, because the Western consciousness has touched him. Without his active awareness of the West-East-ocean adventure in no way will ever exist. At this point that the spirit of Orientalism is like going to truth claims, claims consciousness, existentialism claims.
Orientalism and the networking power
The next problem when orientalism whereabouts had the support of a regime of power, namely the colonial regime. And we need to remember, that happened during colonialism, Western civilization is still warm will warm the spirit of the Enlightenment. The spirit that was born from saphere Aude. The courage to use his own mind. The period in which Western civilization headed for glory. Indeed, it is still quite hegemonic that tradition of thinking, reasoning, his reason is often aimed at Western civilization. Truth claims that come from the West will necessarily be accepted without reserve.
That is, if we look at the socio-historical context, Orientalism is very prone to get stuck in a blind study and hard unstoppable. Until now, Western civilization is still hegemonic even dominative, that will happen is with the support of power, Orientalism will be more misguided and misleading.
When orientalism try to be sued, such as by oksidentalisme a la Hassan Hanafi, cultures of the world community is not ready to receive 'to-other-ness' that. Which eventually oksidentalisme accused as not academic, reactionary and apologetic. This sort of thing happens because it is so strong that there is truth in the hegemony of Western civilization. Thus changing the meaning of objective Orientalism often have to pass first power nets.
Furthermore, with the support of the power of all, what is orientalism accusing me as if it becomes a truth that a final, incontrovertible, and not defendant. Just copies, how the image of Islam in the Western world are often parallel with the religion of terrorists, and radical war cry. The problem is, the image of Islam that is true so is the process of reduction of sesungguhya circumstances. Orientalists have never knowingly or not noticed, that in Islam terjandung extraordinary spirit of humanism.
This human spirit can be found in the tradition of Sufism which is so deep in the binding of the meaning of life.
While the description of Islam Orientalists so shallow and misleading. Ironically, the picture is a truth which is considered final in the Western consciousness. They do not want to look back, and more depth about Islam, about the East. They have been trapped in an intellectual conceit.
Frog in a shell
Talking about the Orientalists no different than seeing a frog trapped and can not get out of a shell. Likewise orientalis, they are always locked in ideological claims, interest groups and self-centered. Actually they do not know what exactly, and when they want to know, they covered a sense of fear, shame would have been the claims that they are bringing. In conditions like this that they are actually inferior in the middle of this colorful civilization. They are always twisted, beretorika gar him keep winning. Consciousness is awareness orientalis childhood, to borrow Freud's language.
Hanafi affirm, from where judgments subject to express movement in freeing themselves into mere subjective judgments, just screams that expresses an existential crisis and reveals the complexity of the inferior to others (2003: 219).
Orientalist attitude that egocentric, ethnocentric is that the future will actually subvert the truth claims that so far they believe. And may be, so this exclusive attitude which will bury the West peradaba in his own conceit. Intellectual arrogance that should not have to be held. Intellectual arrogance that ultimately only confine themselves and their own consciousness.
Hanafi (2003: 224) noted, however, Orientalism may have kerdibilitasnya when modern Orientalist reject Euro-centric, no longer divide the world into the center and periphery, high civilization dengn traditional civilization, when the orientalist an honest attempt to explain the cultural characteristics of these nations and the results of creativity in all time, when he was being fair and proportionate in writing the history of humanity. Orientalist free of hidden racism in Europe's deepest consciousness can begin to criticize Western orientalism until he can free himself from the West, skeleton-frame, the concepts and views of the world. After reviewing the new nations on three continents and cultures-kebudayaanya with a free mind, a pure method derived from the problem itself, which together with it without hegemony. That evidence will clean that lets get a new credibility.
Optimistic outlook is still there for the birth of the Orientalists who have new insigth. Such a view is actually put back in the corridor Awalanya Orientalism as a review of the East. The assessment in this context refers to a scholarly framework, free from political interests, ideologically and economically and through the methods are valid. Orientalist who, according to Hanafi, will be born when he is able to liberate ourselves from the Western bias. He is capable of being grown up, look objectively and without prejudice.
The attitude is the attitude of maturity where before he did a review of the East, he should be able to get out of Western consciousness, moving with a new perspektfi. This requires that at the beginning, he was expected to do self-criticism for its civilization, and then spread to other nations.
The important note is that the Orientalists who wanted to prove his credibility, he should be able to get out of reason 'center-periphery'. Because of this reason that delivery of power relations that put the West as a center of consciousness, and Eastern was emitted from his consciousness. Such power relations will be destroyed when the Orientalists as "examine the 'other' by the 'I' see it as part of a general relationship between 'I' and 'other'. If the studies 'other' by the 'I' is a relationship clash, then science became one of the symptoms. If the studies 'other' by the 'I' is a relationship of mutual learning between different cultures and get to know, then orientalism became one of the plurality of cultural phenomena that lead to a kind of humanism with the ideal (the Hanafi, 2003: 225).
Cover
The relation of knowledge - the power is very significant. Often they perform affect each other influence. Clearly, the power will always flow in it. And so this construction will give birth to the 'truth' new. This will take place in a dialectic.
The relation of knowledge - the power will be very obvious when we read the study Orientalism. A very biased assessment of ethnicity, rasistik. Furthermore, the spirit of colonialism always tucked. This study will be full of interest, full of political, ideological.
Within the framework of the hegemonic, the orientalists will dig its own grave, the grave of a form of intellectual pride. A form of arrogance will claim the truth. Once again networking knowledge and power will appear in the consciousness of the orientalists. They were unable to see, feel, describe the East, as is East. East Description of the Western Orientalists always biased, unbalanced and full of interest.
Practices such power that will destroy the structure of Orientalism as a study. For that, for Orientalism is able to restore its credibility as a study, Surely he must be willing and able to have her and appreciate the 'other
in reading the empirical conditions. But more is based on support
scientific community as his power base.
(Thomas Kuhn)
Prefix
Maybe we're not too familiar to hear the term orientalism. A term that is full of power, politics and ideology. Oriental in gramatik we interpret as 'east', the suffix ism refers to an idea behind it, or perhaps ideological. Clearly the term is popular when the period of colonization, especially in the Third World who was struck. Many studies that lead to the formation of a description of the situation, social, cultural, political, economic and even ideological about the states of the Third World.
Referring to the Third World, means pointing object on a perlakuaan patients. Ketaksewenangan treatment, treatment of the negation of their existence. And is part of the First World countries that do not properly treat it. They exploit, deplete, absorbing the intellectual property, knowledge, information, data from the Third World and then used as feedback for making policy.
Orientalism Study and indeed from the outset at last birth was not a review of assessment problems problems. He is more focused place where the condition exists, not the condition of what was happening. Orientalism is the study that is full of truth claims. Truth that the existence of the Third World under the First World consciousness. In a more sarcastic language, the Third World would not have existed if not aware of the First World.
Then, we asked about the existence of the Third World who are treated so sub-ordinatifnya and as if nothing mattered. That what is behind the orientalism until he arrogant and claim to be the center of the Third World consciousness. Serigkali hubris that we do not realize, because construction of power are often enveloped him and appeared to be a form of kebenenaran.
This prefix shows us about the close relationship of knowledge and power. The truth of knowledge is not so innocent, neutral. He is more of a construction of the power.
Knowledge - power
Kunh far today has reminded us that the validity, the greatness of a paradigm not because of his ability in reading the empirical conditions. But more is based on the support of the scientific community as his power base. That is, Kunh have seen that often a study of the title of 'valid' is mainly due to the many people who mengamininya. Pengaminan process is what is pembasisan power over the review.
In the contemporary encounter, Michel Foucault, born in Poitiers, France, in 1926 was a productive intellectual in conducting research with respect to knowledge. Although he himself never completely gave birth to a theory of knowledge, but historical analysis, the text is able to sue the reliability of the existing paradigm.
In line with Kunh, Foucault is able to explain in detail how the process of knowledge production and its relation with power. Of course, as a social intellectual telisik he do it within the framework of social practices, practices of power. So he remains consistent in terms of knowledge, ie without any justification for the exercise is in progress.
He asserted, (2002: 139) that in a science, as medical science until the late eighteenth century, which has a certain type of discourse which changes gradually over twenty-five or thirty years, will not be destroyed even by the propositions 'truth' which is currently the propositions are easily formulated, produced by talking about a whole set of practices that support the medical knowledge. This is not a new discovery because in it there was indeed a 'regime' which as a whole new in the discourse of knowledge and its forms.
Foucault noted that every science has a proposition the truth, but not the proposition that the real is able mengeksiskan science. He further agreed to appoint 'regime' that has been mengeksiskannya. The regime, of course, in this context refers to a network of power that formed in social practices. A complex network of power, and not easy to menerabasnya, what else destroy it.
Often the networking power to fortify a truth-knowledge. And knowledge is often present themselves in the hegemony of truth. The rope-kelindan power - knowledge becomes increasingly clear. He appeared in the resiprokatif logic. Each delivery, secure each other. Perhaps none are as strong and as perfect regime unless the regime the power-knowledge.
In practice, the knowledge also generate power relations. He became hegemonic and dominative. On behalf of truth claims, individuals can and are able to do politicization. On behalf of the truth claims he has unlimited power. Becomes difficult to sue, sue means against a regime of power.
It would seem more real and dramatic if the regime is a country. Countries that have a repressive apparatus, even ideological. If allowed to borrow the term Althusser (2004: 24), which has negaralah Repressive State Apparatus and Ideological State Apparatus. Let us look, how the economic centralism under the New Order regime difficult to shake because the 'truth' will be the paradigm of development is so closely guarded by the state apparatus. Disturb, question it is tantamount to treason, treason. This is one of the icons relation between knowledge and power and vice versa.
Or if not complete, we can designate the time of Galileo who should receive the death penalty from geraja for stating that the Earth is round planet-ellipse. The thesis is contrary to the truth which is believed by the church, that the Earth is square, or rectangular. The regime forced him to negate the power of belief in the truth. While he did not heed it, eventually the death penalty be tragika ironic truth.
Truth (read: knowledge) will eventually loaded ideological elements, politically a particular group. And perhaps the truth will also appear on the repression of other groups. One truth menuundukan another truth. And who is most correct? So, the answer is who has the power base to support the truth.
And when the conflict of truth, instead of these powers has been completed, holders of claims of truth will use it to overcome the other group. The process of negation 'other' and the affirmation 'I'. 'I' be a point of departure, and 'other' people merely as objects. Such logic is often known by egocentrism. An awareness of the contradictory reality of 'I'. Of course, a parallel study with the logic of egocentrism is Orientalism vis-à-vis oksidentalisme with changes in the basic spirit.
Orientalism probe
Hassan Hanafi (2003: 217) describes Orientalism is sejumlaj study conducted by researchers at Europe when Europe is at the top of his resurrection and is in the tidal wave kolonialismenya, when the Europeans wanted to gather as much information about the nations in Asia, Africa and America Latin, meaning in countries outside the European colonies. The purpose of Orientalism and missionary through various generations of Orientalists at the time was to clear the way, first, for the entry of military forces. Second, for the economy and the third is cultural. Therefore language support studies, history and culture become so dominant. Language study done so that they could approach the local masyarat directly. Review the history for the nation's history can be recognized, and cultural studies done for civilization and mental factors that shape it recognizable buffer. The goal is not science an sich or the desire to examine, or extend outside the central area of history to include the periphery.
Clearly what is described by Hanafi about orientalism. That was from the beginning the birth of orientalism very 'bloody'. He was born not because of an interesting phenomenon, then studied, to contribute to science. He was born indeed in order to support the ongoing power. The power of colonialism, of course.
Perhaps, more or less in this oriental studies scientific functions. Minimum at the level of accumulation of information, data, a number of methods and so on. But who becomes the next problem that the East imaging built by orientalists always have historical bias. Description memojokan there is always the East, and very few to be objective. This is certainly reasonable, as Orientalism was meant for the benefit of colonization, both physical (war) and non-physical (ideology).
Orientalism own spirit is the spirit of ethnocentrism. This means that the center of consciousness is the civilization of researchers, ethnic researchers. They are reluctant to use local knowledge which may be very phenomenological. They prefer the large framework of colonization. Up to that reflected from this study is biased and often unequal.
Finally, Orientalism is more accurately described as a study of waste and not eligible to serve as a science. Orientalism that ethnocentric it is often trapped within the confines of the Western ego. For those 'who have' just the West. East there, because the Western consciousness has touched him. Without his active awareness of the West-East-ocean adventure in no way will ever exist. At this point that the spirit of Orientalism is like going to truth claims, claims consciousness, existentialism claims.
Orientalism and the networking power
The next problem when orientalism whereabouts had the support of a regime of power, namely the colonial regime. And we need to remember, that happened during colonialism, Western civilization is still warm will warm the spirit of the Enlightenment. The spirit that was born from saphere Aude. The courage to use his own mind. The period in which Western civilization headed for glory. Indeed, it is still quite hegemonic that tradition of thinking, reasoning, his reason is often aimed at Western civilization. Truth claims that come from the West will necessarily be accepted without reserve.
That is, if we look at the socio-historical context, Orientalism is very prone to get stuck in a blind study and hard unstoppable. Until now, Western civilization is still hegemonic even dominative, that will happen is with the support of power, Orientalism will be more misguided and misleading.
When orientalism try to be sued, such as by oksidentalisme a la Hassan Hanafi, cultures of the world community is not ready to receive 'to-other-ness' that. Which eventually oksidentalisme accused as not academic, reactionary and apologetic. This sort of thing happens because it is so strong that there is truth in the hegemony of Western civilization. Thus changing the meaning of objective Orientalism often have to pass first power nets.
Furthermore, with the support of the power of all, what is orientalism accusing me as if it becomes a truth that a final, incontrovertible, and not defendant. Just copies, how the image of Islam in the Western world are often parallel with the religion of terrorists, and radical war cry. The problem is, the image of Islam that is true so is the process of reduction of sesungguhya circumstances. Orientalists have never knowingly or not noticed, that in Islam terjandung extraordinary spirit of humanism.
This human spirit can be found in the tradition of Sufism which is so deep in the binding of the meaning of life.
While the description of Islam Orientalists so shallow and misleading. Ironically, the picture is a truth which is considered final in the Western consciousness. They do not want to look back, and more depth about Islam, about the East. They have been trapped in an intellectual conceit.
Frog in a shell
Talking about the Orientalists no different than seeing a frog trapped and can not get out of a shell. Likewise orientalis, they are always locked in ideological claims, interest groups and self-centered. Actually they do not know what exactly, and when they want to know, they covered a sense of fear, shame would have been the claims that they are bringing. In conditions like this that they are actually inferior in the middle of this colorful civilization. They are always twisted, beretorika gar him keep winning. Consciousness is awareness orientalis childhood, to borrow Freud's language.
Hanafi affirm, from where judgments subject to express movement in freeing themselves into mere subjective judgments, just screams that expresses an existential crisis and reveals the complexity of the inferior to others (2003: 219).
Orientalist attitude that egocentric, ethnocentric is that the future will actually subvert the truth claims that so far they believe. And may be, so this exclusive attitude which will bury the West peradaba in his own conceit. Intellectual arrogance that should not have to be held. Intellectual arrogance that ultimately only confine themselves and their own consciousness.
Hanafi (2003: 224) noted, however, Orientalism may have kerdibilitasnya when modern Orientalist reject Euro-centric, no longer divide the world into the center and periphery, high civilization dengn traditional civilization, when the orientalist an honest attempt to explain the cultural characteristics of these nations and the results of creativity in all time, when he was being fair and proportionate in writing the history of humanity. Orientalist free of hidden racism in Europe's deepest consciousness can begin to criticize Western orientalism until he can free himself from the West, skeleton-frame, the concepts and views of the world. After reviewing the new nations on three continents and cultures-kebudayaanya with a free mind, a pure method derived from the problem itself, which together with it without hegemony. That evidence will clean that lets get a new credibility.
Optimistic outlook is still there for the birth of the Orientalists who have new insigth. Such a view is actually put back in the corridor Awalanya Orientalism as a review of the East. The assessment in this context refers to a scholarly framework, free from political interests, ideologically and economically and through the methods are valid. Orientalist who, according to Hanafi, will be born when he is able to liberate ourselves from the Western bias. He is capable of being grown up, look objectively and without prejudice.
The attitude is the attitude of maturity where before he did a review of the East, he should be able to get out of Western consciousness, moving with a new perspektfi. This requires that at the beginning, he was expected to do self-criticism for its civilization, and then spread to other nations.
The important note is that the Orientalists who wanted to prove his credibility, he should be able to get out of reason 'center-periphery'. Because of this reason that delivery of power relations that put the West as a center of consciousness, and Eastern was emitted from his consciousness. Such power relations will be destroyed when the Orientalists as "examine the 'other' by the 'I' see it as part of a general relationship between 'I' and 'other'. If the studies 'other' by the 'I' is a relationship clash, then science became one of the symptoms. If the studies 'other' by the 'I' is a relationship of mutual learning between different cultures and get to know, then orientalism became one of the plurality of cultural phenomena that lead to a kind of humanism with the ideal (the Hanafi, 2003: 225).
Cover
The relation of knowledge - the power is very significant. Often they perform affect each other influence. Clearly, the power will always flow in it. And so this construction will give birth to the 'truth' new. This will take place in a dialectic.
The relation of knowledge - the power will be very obvious when we read the study Orientalism. A very biased assessment of ethnicity, rasistik. Furthermore, the spirit of colonialism always tucked. This study will be full of interest, full of political, ideological.
Within the framework of the hegemonic, the orientalists will dig its own grave, the grave of a form of intellectual pride. A form of arrogance will claim the truth. Once again networking knowledge and power will appear in the consciousness of the orientalists. They were unable to see, feel, describe the East, as is East. East Description of the Western Orientalists always biased, unbalanced and full of interest.
Practices such power that will destroy the structure of Orientalism as a study. For that, for Orientalism is able to restore its credibility as a study, Surely he must be willing and able to have her and appreciate the 'other
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